A Review of Exercise as Medicine in Cardiovascular Disease: Pathology and Mechanism

Gronek Piotr, Wielinski Dariusz, Cyganski Piotr, Rynkiewicz Andrzej, Zając Adam, Maszczyk Adam, Gronek Joanna, Podstawski Robert, Czarny Wojciech, Balko Stefan, CT. Clark Cain, Celka Roman

Table 1 Effect of exercise on telomere length.

Participants Type of Exercise Influence on Telomere Length Ref 123 males (56 healthy non - maraton runners, 67 ultra - maraton runners) Ultra - maraton running, exercise 40 - 100 km/week, ?2 years Longer leukocyte telomere length in runners vs. non - runners [27] 62 adults (20 athletes, 42 sedentary controls) Endurance exercise Longer salivary telomere length in endurance athletes vs. sedentary control [28] 2401 white twin adults Self - reported physical activity (4 groups based on physical activity levels) Longer leukocyte telomere length with increasing exercise level [29] 69 healthy adults Various aerobic exercise (divided into quartiles based on exercise energy Expenditure: 0-990, 991-2340, 2341-3540, and 93541 kcal/wk) Longer leukocyte telomere length in 2nd quartile vs. 1st and 4th quartile. Same telomere length in 2nd quartile vs. 3rd quartile. [30] 44 healthy postmenopausal women (21 sedentary subjects, 23 habitual exercise participants) Aerobic and resistance exercise for 60± minutes, >3 times per week, for > 12 months Longer leukocyte telomere length in aerobic and resistance exercise participants vs sedentary subjects. [31] 14 healthy adults (7 non - lifters, 7 power lifters) Power lifting; 8±3 years Longer skeletal muscle telomere length in power lifters vs non - lifters. [32] 20 young and older men (10 medium activity level, 10 endurance athletes). Endurance exercise (long distance skiing & track running competitions); Medium activity (moderately physically active) Longer skeletal muscle telomere length in older athletes vs older medium - activity individuals. Same telomere length in young athletes vs young medium - activity individuals. [33] 7,813 adult women Eight possible physical activities Increase in leukocyte telomere length (0.10-SD) was observed when comparing the most to the least active women. [34] 944 adults with stable coronary heart disease Self - reported physical activity Shorter telomere length associated with physical activity, but not after multivariate adjustment. [35] 32 adults (15 sedentary healthy subjects, 17 marathon runners) Marathon running, 32±9 miles/week, 14±11 years Same leukocyte telomere length in runners vs. sedentary subjects [36] 37 adults (19 sedentary subjects, 18 endurance runners) Endurance running: 40 km/week, ?7 years Same (skeletal muscle) telomere length in runners vs. sedentary individuals. Shorter telomere length in subjects with longer exercise history vs. shorter training history. Shorter telomere length in subjects with greater volume of training hours vs. lower volume of training hours. [37] 25 healthy young and 32 older adults Vigorous aerobic exercise ?5 days/week, >45 min/Day, ?5 years Same leukocyte telomere length in older athletes vs. older sedentary subjects. [38]