Dementia Risk in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: Acarbose Use and Its Joint Effects with Metformin and Pioglitazone

Tseng Chin-Hsiao

Table 1 Characteristics in never and ever users of acarbose.

Variable Never users Ever users (n=15524) (n=15524) P-value Standardized difference n % n % Demographic data Age (years) 59.76 10.10 59.75 9.95 0.9225 -0.13 Sex (men) 8358 53.84 8443 54.39 0.3330 1.15 Diabetes duration (years) 5.42 2.41 5.45 2.27 0.2444 1.26 Occupation I 6749 43.47 6782 43.69 0.6102 II 3687 23.75 3609 23.25 -1.24 III 2515 16.20 2580 16.62 1.14 IV 2573 16.57 2553 16.45 -0.34 Living region Taipei 5923 38.15 5884 37.90 0.6517 Northern 1859 11.98 1785 11.50 -1.55 Central 1859 11.98 2736 17.62 0.80 Southern 1962 12.64 1990 12.82 0.61 Kao-Ping and Eastern 3089 19.90 3129 20.16 0.70 Major comorbidities Hypertension 10796 69.54 10777 69.42 0.8149 -0.34 Dyslipidemia 11515 74.18 11498 74.07 0.8256 -0.35 Obesity 1036 6.67 959 6.18 0.0747 -2.08 Diabetes-related complications Nephropathy 2717 17.50 2729 17.58 0.8579 0.23 Eye disease 3864 24.89 3861 24.87 0.9686 0.01 Ischemic heart disease 5253 33.84 5234 33.72 0.8197 -0.34 Peripheral arterial disease 2642 17.02 2614 16.84 0.6718 -0.51 Potential risk factors of cancer Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 5657 36.44 5597 36.05 0.4787 -0.84 Tobacco abuse 385 2.48 385 2.48 0.3738 -1.07 Alcohol-related diagnoses 747 4.81 734 4.73 0.7292 -0.45 Potential factors that may affect the prescription of acarbose Gallstone 1335 8.60 1293 8.33 0.3918 -1.06 Diseases of the digestive system 15332 98.76 15337 98.80 0.7961 0.25 Helicobacter Pylori infection and/or Helicobacter Pylori eradication therapies 2904 18.71 2888 18.60 0.8157 -0.36 Hepatitis B virus infection 355 2.29 352 2.27 0.9091 -0.24 Hepatitis C virus infection 560 3.61 553 3.56 0.8308 -0.37 Liver cirrhosis 421 2.71 492 3.17 0.0171 2.64 Other chronic non-alcoholic liver diseases 1482 9.55 1508 9.71 0.6169 0.59 Antidiabetic drugs Insulin 740 4.77 781 5.03 0.2810 1.10 Sulfonylurea 10745 69.22 10845 69.86 0.2175 1.19 Metformin 9374 60.38 9370 60.36 0.9630 -0.48 Meglitinide 1114 7.18 1104 7.11 0.8256 -0.27 Rosiglitazone 1381 8.90 1407 9.06 0.6058 0.54 Pioglitazone 1397 9.00 1415 9.11 0.7219 0.34 Medications commonly used in diabetes patients Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker 9604 61.87 9570 61.65 0.6913 -0.55 Calcium channel blocker 7278 46.88 7262 46.78 0.8556 -0.24 Statin 8970 57.78 8810 56.75 0.0664 -2.12 Fibrate 5823 37.51 5870 37.81 0.5820 0.59 Aspirin 7065 45.51 7050 45.41 0.8643 -0.30