Exercise Programs for Muscle Mass, Muscle Strength and Physical Performance in Older Adults with Sarcopenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Bao Wangxiao, Sun Yun, Zhang Tianfang, Zou Liliang, Wu Xiaohong, Wang Daming, Chen Zuobing

Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies.

Refs N Age Sex (F, %) BMI Diagnostic Criteria Period Weekly (times) Intervention Exe Con [27] 14 16 68.47±2.78 0.00% 23.37±1.91 ASM/Height2 < 10.75 kg.m-2 8w 3 10 min warm-up, 45 min resistance training. [23] 8 8 84.30±5.37 58.93% 21.90±3.01 AWGS 12w 2 5 min warm-up, 20 min resistance exercise program and 5 min cool down. [26] 40 37 73.39±6.92 75.32% 18.85±2.04 AWGS 24w 1 5-10 min warm up and cool down routine, 20-30 min chair-based resistance exercises using Thera-Bands, and 20-min aerobic exercises. [33] 35 37 69.95±2.73 100.00% 24.80±0.91 EWGSOP 36w 2 5 min warm-up, 20 min muscular districts with low weight loads [18] 33 31 79.90±7.80 50.00% 25.00±3.39 SMM/Weight < 37.15% for men and < 32.26% for women 12w 2 60-min warm-up, muscle resistance training and relaxation stage. [25] 11 17 81.75±6.96 30.72% 31.28±6.44 SMM/Weight ≤ 0.93 for men and ≤ 0.57 for women 12w 3 5 min warm-up, 20-30 min resistance exercises with workload and 5 min cool down. [34] 36 18 72.87±7.02 87.30% 22.72±2.45 EWGSOP 12w 2 60 min comprehensive progressive group exercise program or home therapeutic exercises [17] 17 16 67.48±4.29 100.00% N.A. AWGS 8w 2 60 min progressive resistance training [36] 33 23 67.35±5.23 100.00% 28.05±3.77 SMM/Weight < 27.6 % 12w 3 10 min warm up, 40 min elastic resistance exercises and 5 min cool down. [22] 25 25 74.10±6.15 100.00% 27.30±1.74 SMM/Weight < 25.1 % 24w 5 50-80 min of combined aerobic and resistance exercises [32] 25 21 67.32±5.20 100.00% 27.72±3.30 EWGSOP 12w 3 5 min warm up, 35-40 min resistance training exercises and cool down routine. [24] 15 15 68.83±3.36 83.33% 27.83±3.80 SMM/Weight ≤ 32.5% for men and ≤25.7% for women 8w 2 60 min progressive resistance load training using weight-training equipment at 60-70% of one repetition maximum. [35] 60 20 75.75±5.42 70.00% 23.84±3.01 ASM/Height2 < 8.87 kg.m-2 for men and 6.42 kg.m-2 for women 12w 3 Whole-body vibration training with 14,400 vertical vibrations [31] 7 8 60.51±2.40 100.00% 19.47±1.52 EWGSOP 6w 2 60 min training program comprised five exercises (squats, front lunges, side lunges, calf raises, and toe raises). [38] 18 17 69.20±4.94 100.00% 28.11±3.66 SMM/Weight < 27.6 % 12w 3 10 min warm up, 40 min elastic resistance exercises and 5 min cool down. [37] 14 14 72.00±4.05 100.00% 32.50±2.62 Handgrip strength≤21 kg 10w 2 60 min progressive resistance exercise program [21] 35 34 81.25±4.68 100.00% 25.20±2.63 SMM/Height2 < 5.67 kg.m-2 12w 2 60 min warm-up, weight/machine training, stationary bicycle aerobic exercise, and chair/standing exercise. [29] 20 21 85.90±7.50 64.44% 29.09±4.52 EWGSOP 24w 2 60 min progressive resistance and balance training. [30] 26 14 68.96±5.76 55.77% 20.09±1.81 AWGS 24w varying home exercise programs, combining walking with lower limb resistance exercises. [28] 19 16 79.90±4.92 27.69% 24.92±3.55 ASM/Height2 < 10.75 kg.m-2 for men and 6.75 kg.m-2 for women 12w 2 10 min warm up, 30 min resistance exercises using Thera-Bands, and 10 min cool-down. [20] 32 32 68.60±5.54 100.00% N.A. ASM/Height2 < 6.42 kg/m2 12w 2 60 min of stretching, muscle strengthening, balance and gait training. [19] 39 39 78.85±2.84 100.00% 18.85±1.85 ASM/Height2 < 6.42 kg/m2 12w 2 5 min warm up, 30 min strengthening exercise, 20 min balance and gait training and 5 min cool down.