A Glimmer of Hope: Maintain Mitochondrial Homeostasis to Mitigate Alzheimer’s Disease

Li Wenbo, Kui Ling, Demetrios Tsirukis, Gong Xun, Tang Min

Table 2 Pharmacological agents potentially stimulate autophagy/mitophagy.

Agents Study model Effect Refs 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) animal model stimulate autophagy [139] rapamycin AD mouse reduce Aβ pathology [45] spermidine human and yeast cells; nematodes induce autophagy independent of SIRT1 [140] urolithin A C. elegans; mouse induce mitophagy, prolong lifespan; increase muscle function [141] antibiotic the mt-Keima mouse provide a method to analyze mitophagy alterations [81] 2-deoxyglucose AD female mouse stimulate ketogenesis and induce mild bioenergetic stress; enhance mitochondrial function; stimulate autophagy and clearance of Aβ [142-149] nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) Mouse model of fatty liver disease; AD mouse increase NAD+ pool [150-154] 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) myopathy mouse activates AMPK to acts on PGC-1 [155-157] actinonin Caenorhabditis elegans reverse memory impairment [77] mdivi1 excitotoxic mouse enhance DRP1 activity [158-164]