Oxidative Stress at the Crossroads of Aging, Stroke and Depression

Shao Anwen, Lin Danfeng, Wang Lingling, Tu Sheng, Lenahan Cameron, Zhang Jianmin

Table 1 Antioxidants in Stroke.

Stroke Antioxidants Anti-OS activity Mechanism of anti-OS activity and others Ischemic stroke fucoxanthin anti-OS inhibit OS via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway Sirtuin 6 protocatechualdehyde mangiferin Korean Red Ginseng 11-Keto-β-boswellic acid metformin S-allyl cysteine monomethyl fumarate dieckol fumarate ursolic acid upregulate Nrf2 pathway and expression levels of BDNF HP-1c AMPK-Nrf2 pathway activation, without any toxicity after penetrating the brain andrographolide up-regulate Nrf2/HO-1 expression via regulation of p38 MAPK 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinoxyl inhibit p38 MAPK and p53 cascades 3H-1,2-Dithiole-3-thione suppress microglia activation; inhibit CNS peripheral cell infiltration 3-n-butylphthalide anti-OS; attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction inhibit OS; activate Nrf2/HO-1/AMPK pathway; improve MMP and complexes I-IV melatonin activate SIRT1 signaling progesterone suppress mtROS production and block MPTP 5-methoxyindole-2-carboxylic acid increase antioxidative capacity via the Nrf2 signaling pathway; reduce OS SkQR1 protect mitochondria GK anti-OS; protect blood vessels faciliate angiogenesis through HIF-1α/VEGF and JAK2/STAT3 pathway leonurine upregulate VEGF expression by Nrf-2 pathway astragaloside IV anti-OS; protect BBB Nrf2 signaling pathway Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction anti-OS schizandrin A anti-OS; anti-inflammation AMPK/Nrf2 pathway tryptanthrin decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 microglia cells via Nrf2/HO-1 signaling and NF-κB 3, 14, 19-triacetyl andrographolide inhibit TLR4/NF-κB; upregulate Nrf2/ARE quercetin suppress LPS-induced oxidant production and expression of adhesion molecules apelin 13 affect AMPK/GSK-3β pathway activated by AR/Gα/PLC/IP3/CaMKK signaling; diosgenin suppress TLR4/MyD88/NF-kB-induced inflammation irisin regulate ROS-NLRP3 inflammation TPEN inhibit OS and inflammation N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine amide Tanshinone IIA berberine reduce the infarct volume and brain edema; improve motor function; melilotus officinalis reduce cerebral thrombosis and inflammatory mediators DHC protect BBB; inhibit inflammation by affecting ROS, NOX2, NOX4, NF-ĸB, and NO resveratrol modulate intestinal flora-mediated Th17/Tregs and Th1/Th2 polarity shift EPO-cyclosporine suppress the innate immune response to OS, inflammation and MAPK family signaling rhein anti-OS; anti-apoptosis inhibit OS and apoptosis deuterohemin His peptide-6 acteoside radix scrophulariae pomalidomide clostridium butyricum adiponectin attenuate mitochondrial vulnerability through the JAK2/STAT3 pathway YiQiFuMai reduce PKCδ/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission withania somnifera inhibit PARP1-AIF-Mediated caspase-independent apoptosis SMXZF suppress H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis through caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC pathway diallyl trisufide suppress OGD-induced apoptosis via the PI3K/Akt-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway plumbagin anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis inhibit OS, inflammation and apoptosis hollow prussian blue nanozymes geniposide curcumin hexahydrocurcumin Sirt3 promote autophagy regulate the AMPK-mTOR pathway; decrease H2O2; increase ATP generation β-arrestin-1 interact two major components of the BECN1 autophagic core complex vitexin anti-autophagy inhibit autophagy through the mTOR/Ulk1 pathway silibinin suppress the mitochondrial and autophagic cell death pathways 3-methyladenine inhibit expression of LC3 and Beclin-1 astragalosides block OGD-R-induced apoptosis and autophagy by inhibiting OS and ER stress isoquercetin anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis; anti-autophagy influence TLR4, NF-κB and caspase-1; ERK1/2, JNK1/2, and MAPK; TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6; NOX4/ROS/NF-κB signaling pathway; CREB, Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 ECGG affect PI3K/AKT/eNOS and NRF2/HO-1 signaling pathway; promote neovascularization and cell proliferation ICH green tea anti-OS reduce EBI cofilin mammalian sterile 20-like kinase-1 melatonin reduce DNA damage and MPTP opening dexmedetomidine inhibit PGC-1α pathway inactivation and mtROS oleuropein alleviate brain edema; preserve the BBB adiponectin isoliquiritigenin anti-OS; anti-inflammation ROS/NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome pathway and Nrf2-mediated activities Sirt3 suppress NLRP3 and IL-1β levels Sodium Benzoate anti-OS; anti-apoptosis regulate DJ-1/Akt/IKK/NFκB pathway to inhibit neuronal apoptosis and mtROS carnosine decrease brain edema, BBB disruption, OS and neuronal apoptosis metformin anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis; inhibit OS, apoptosis and neuroinflammation baicalein hydrogen gas protocatechuic acid hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain (HIF-PHD) metalloenzymes abolish ATF4-dependent neuronal death SAH dimethyl formamide anti-OS improve EBI and cognitive dysfunction via the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system telmisartan anti-OS; inhibit cerebral vasospasm decrease TXNIP expression nebivolol increase GSH-Px activity curcumin reduce TNF-α curcumin nanoparticles anti-OS; anti-inflammation keep BBB integrity; activate glutamate transporter-1; inhibit inflammation and OS UA suppress the TLR4-mediated inflammatory pathway pterostilbene inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome and Nox2-related OS apigenin anti-OS; anti-apoptosis inhibit EBI through the dual effects of anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis peroxiredoxin1/2 docosahexaenoic acid sodium hydrosulfide cysteamine gastrodin naringin progesterone AVE 0991 decreases OS and neuronal apoptosis through Mas/PKA/p-CREB/UCP-2 pathway allicin extenuate brain edema and BBB dysfunction; mangiferin anti-OS; anti-inflammation; anti-apoptosis regulate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, NLRP3 and NF-κB. memantine inhibit inflammation-mediated BBB breakdown and ER stress-based apoptosis Salvianolic acid B activate Nrf2 signaling pathway Salvianolic acid A associate with Nrf2 signaling, the phosphorylation of ERK and P38 MAPK signaling mitoquinone promote autophagy activate mitophagy via Keap1/Nrf2/PHB2 (prohibitin 2) pathway melatonin promote autophagy stimulate autophagy to inhibit apoptotic death of neural cells